Title Neonatology Associates, P.A. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Date 2002
By Alito
Subject Misc
Contents
Page 1
67 of 238 DOCUMENTS
NEONATOLOGY ASSOCIATES, P.A. v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE
(Tax Court No. 97-1201), JOHN J. and OPHELIA J. MALL v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE (Tax Court No. 97-1208), ESTATE OF STEVEN SOBO, DECEASED and BONNIE SOBO, EXECUTRIX, and BONNIE SOBO, SURVIVING WIFE v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE (Tax Court No. 97-2795), AKHILESHI S. and DIPTI A. DESAI v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE
(Tax Court No. 97-2981), KEVIN T. and CHERYL MCMANUS v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE (Tax Court No. 97-2985), ARTHUR and LOIS M. HIRSHKOWITZ v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE (Tax Court No. 97-
2994), LAKEWOOD RADIOLOGY, P.A. v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE (Tax Court No. 97-2995), Neonatology Associates, P.A., John J. and Ophelia Hall, Estate of Steven Sobo, Deceased and Bonnie Sobo, Executrix, and Bonnie Sobo, Surviving Wife, Akhilshi S. and Dipti A. Desai, Kevin T. and Cheryl McManus, Arthur and Lois M. Hirshkowitz and Lakewood Radiology, P.A., Appellants
No. 01-2862
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
293 F.3d 128; 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 10033; 89 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 2585; 52 Fed. R. Serv. 3d
(Callaghan) 1377
May 20, 2002, Filed
PRIOR HISTORY: **1 ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES TAX COURT. (D.C. No. 0090-1 :
97-1201), (Tax Court No. 97-1208), (Tax Court No. 97-
2795), (Tax Court No. 97-2981), (Tax Court No. 97-
2985), (Tax Court No. 97-2994), (Tax Court No. 97-
2995). Honorable David Laro, Tax Court Judge. DISPOSITION: Motion for leave to file brief as amicus curiae granted.
CASE SUMMARY:
PROCEDURAL POSTURE: Appellants, corporate and individual taxpayers, challenged the judgment of the United States Tax Court, which sustained appellee Commissioner of Internal Revenue's deficiencies and as- sociated penalties related to certain deductions that were disallowed on the taxpayers' federal income tax returns. Movant physicians sought leave to file a brief as amicus curiae.
OVERVIEW: The physicians had participated in a vol- untary employees' beneficiary association plan that was at the center of the controversy over the disputed income tax deductions. The physicians sought leave to file an amicus brief because of their concern that the taxpayers had ar- gued that the Employee Retirement Income Security Act
applied to the plan and in an effort to preserve the tax court's findings as to the roles of the parties to the litiga- tion. The appellate court rejected the taxpayers' argument that an amicus was required to be an impartial person not motivated by pecuniary concerns given past appellate practice and the Fed. R. App. P. 29 requirement that an am- icus be interested in the case. Moreover, the physicians were not required to show that the party they intended to support was either underrepresented or inadequately represented because such an outcome was not desirable under Fed. R. App. P. 29(b)(2). Since the physicians had stated an interest in the case and their brief appeared to be relevant and desirable in alerting the appellate court to the possible implications of the appeal, the appellate court granted leave to file an amicus brief.
OUTCOME: The motion for leave to file a brief as ami- cus curiae was granted.
LexisNexis(R) Headnotes
Civil Procedure > Appeals > Amici Curiae
HN1 The standards for filing an amicus brief are set out in Fed. R. App. P. 29. Under Fed. R. App. P. 29(a), a private amicus may file if all parties consent or if the court grants leave. When a party objects to filing by a private amicus and leave of court is sought, Fed. R. App.
293 F.3d 128, *; 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 10033, **1;
89 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 2585; 52 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 1377
Page 2
P. 29(b) provides that the motion for leave to file must be accompanied by the proposed brief and must state: (1) the movant's interest; and (2) the reason why an amicus brief is desirable and why the matters asserted are relevant to the disposition of the case. Although Rule 29 does not say expressly that a motion for leave to file should be denied if the movant does not meet the requirements of (1) an adequate interest, (2) desirability, and (3) relevance, this is implicit.
Civil Procedure > Appeals > Amici Curiae
HN2 Under Fed. R. App. P. 29, an amicus is required have an "interest" in the case. Fed. R. App. P. 29(b)(1) and
(c)(3).
Civil Procedure > Appeals > Amici Curiae
HN3 The criterion of desirability set out in Fed. R. App. P. 29(b)(2) is open-ended, but a broad reading is prudent. Civil Procedure > Appeals > Briefs
HN4 Under 3rd Cir. R. 28.1(c), briefs are required to be phrased in appropriate, professional terms.
COUNSEL: David R. Levin, Esq. Wiley, Rein & Fielding, LLP, Washington, DC, for Appellant.
Kenneth L. Greene, Esq., Robert W. Metzler, Esq., Tax Division Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Appellee.
Steven J. Fram, Esq., Archer & Greiner, P.C., Haddonfield, NJ, for Amicus Curie.
JUDGES: Before: ALITO, Circuit Judge. OPINIONBY: Samuel A. Alito Jr. OPINION:
*129 OPINION OF THE COURT
ALITO, Circuit Judge:
Before me is a motion under Rule 29(b) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure for leave to file a brief as amicus curiae over the opposition of the appellants. The motion has been referred to me as a single judge under our Internal Operating Procedure 10.5.1. Because it appears that the criteria set out in Rule 29(b) are met, i.e., that the amici have a **2 sufficient "interest" in the case and that their brief is "desirable" and discusses matters that are "relevant to the disposition of the case," the motion is granted.
I.
This is an appeal from a decision of the Tax Court.
See Neonatology Associates, P.A. v. Commissioner, 115
T.C. 43 (2000). The appeal has been taken by two pro- fessional medical corporations (Neonatology Associates, P.A. and Lakewood Radiology, P.A.), physicians who owned the corporations, and spouses who signed joint tax returns. The appellants participated in the Southern California Voluntary Employees' Beneficiary Association
("SC VEBA"), which was promoted by certain insur- ance brokers. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue determined that the professional corporations had erro- neously claimed deductions on their income tax returns for payments made to plans set up under the SC VEBA and that the individual taxpayers had failed to report on their income tax returns income arising from cer- tain related transactions. The appellants filed a petition in the Tax Court challenging the deficiencies and asso- ciated penalties. After a trial, the Tax Court sustained the Commissioner's determinations, and this appeal **3 followed.
The motion for leave to file an amicus brief in support of the Commissioner was submitted by five other physi- cians who also participated in same plan. In the statement of interest in their proposed amicus brief, these five physi- cians ("the amici") state:
During pre-trial proceedings in the Tax Court, the Appellants in this case entered into a Settlement Agreement and Release with Commonwealth Life Insurance Company
("Commonwealth") pursuant *130 to which Commonwealth agreed to defend this case at its expense and to pay certain portions of Appellants' tax liabilities in the event of an unfavorable outcome. Appellants (hereafter
"the Settling Physicians") then proceeded to trial in what was designated as a "test" case for all of the parties who had challenged the IRS's position. Pursuant to Appellants' settle- ment with Commonwealth, Commonwealth now controls and is funding the appeal in this litigation.
Unlike Appellants, amici declined to release their claims and have filed litiga- tion against Commonwealth and its related parties to recover the losses they suffered through their participation in the "VEBA scheme" condemned by the Tax Court in this case. An Amended Complaint **4 in the proposed class action in which amici are plaintiffs, Sankhla v. Commonwealth Life Ins. Co., No. 01-CV--4761 (D.N.J.) (AET), was filed on March 20, 2002 (the "Sankhla Litigation").
293 F.3d 128, *130; 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 10033, **4;
89 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 2585; 52 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 1377
Page 3
Amici have an interest in the outcome of this case because it has become appar- ent that Commonwealth, through its control of this appeal, will attempt to induce this Court to address certain non-tax law issues that will impact the rights of amici against Commonwealth and related parties.
Amicus Br. at 1-2. Specifically, the amici are con- cerned that the appellants have argued that the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA") applies to the plan and that our court's discussion of this issue will have a bearing in their litigation on the question whether the plaintiffs' claims against Commonwealth are preempted by ERISA. Amicus Br. at 2. The amici also wish to pre- serve the factual findings of the Tax Court concerning the roles of various parties in the underlying events be- cause the amici hope to prove that Commonwealth and its agents controlled the Tax Court litigation on behalf of the appellants and that Commonwealth and its agents are therefore bound by those findings.
The appellants **5 argue that the amici do not sat- isfy the standards for filing a brief as amici. Among other things, the appellants contend that an amicus must be
"'an impartial individual'" and not a person who is "par- tial to the outcome" or who has "a pecuniary interest in the outcome." Opposition to Motion for Leave to File Amicus Brief ("Opp.") at 2-4 (quoting Leigh v. Engle,
535 F. Supp. 418, 420 (N.D. Ill. 1982)). The appellants also argue that leave to file an amicus brief should not be granted unless the party to be supported is either un- represented or inadequately represented. Opp. at 5-6. In making these arguments, the appellants cite a small body of judicial opinions that look with disfavor on motions for leave to file amicus briefs. See, e.g., National Org. for Women, Inc. v. Scheidler, 223 F.3d 615 (7th Cir. 2000); Ryan v. CFTC, 125 F.3d 1062 (7th Cir. 1997) (single judge opinion); Liberty Lincoln Mercury, Inc. v. Ford Marketing Corp., 149 F.R.D. 65, 82 (D.N.J. 1993); Yip v. Pagano,
606 F. Supp. 1566, 1568 (D.N.J. 1985). The appellants argue that restrictive standards espoused in these opin- ions represent the views of "the **6 judiciary" and are
"settled law" "in this jurisdiction." Opp. 3-4. II.
HN1 The standards for filing an amicus brief are set out in Rule 29. Under Rule 29(a), a private amicus may file if all parties consent or if the court grants leave. When a party objects to filing by a private amicus and leave of court is sought, Rule 29(b) provides that the motion for leave to file must be accompanied by the proposed brief and must state:
*131 (1) the movant's interest; and
(2) the reason why an amicus brief is desir- able and why the matters asserted are relevant to the disposition of the case.
Although the Rule does not say expressly that a motion for leave to file should be denied if the movant does not meet the requirements of (a) an adequate interest, (b) de- sirability, and (c) relevance, this is implicit. With these requirements in mind, I turn to the restrictive standards that the appellants urge us to apply.
A. I begin with the appellants' argument that an am- icus must be "an impartial individual who suggests the interpretation and status of the law, gives information concerning it, and whose function is to advise in order that justice may be done, rather than to advocate a **7 point of view so that a cause may be won by one party or another." Opp. at 3-4. This description of the role of an amicus was once accurate and still appears in cer- tain sources, see 3A C.J.S. Amicus Curiae § 2 at 422-
23 (1973), but this description became outdated long ago. See Samuel Krislov, The Amicus Curiae Brief:
From Friendship to Advocacy, 72 Yale L. J. 694, 703
(1962).
Today, as noted, HN2 Rule 29 requires that an ami- cus have an "interest" in the case, see Fed. R. App. Proc.
29(b)(1) and (c)(3), and the appellants' argument that an amicus must be "impartial" is difficult to square with this requirement. An accepted definition of the term "impar- tial" is "disinterested," Black's Law Dictionary 752 (6th ed. 1990), and it is not easy to envisage an amicus who is
"disinterested" but still has an "interest" in the case.
It is particularly difficult to reconcile impartiality and interestedness if the latter requirement is interpreted as a panel of our court did in American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists v. Thornburgh, 699 F.2d
644 (3d Cir. 1983). In that case, the sharply divided panel denied a motion for leave to file an amicus brief because
**8 the proposed amici, a group of law professors, "did not purport to represent any individual or organization with a legally cognizable interest in the subject matter at issue, and gave only their concern about the manner in which this court will interpret the law." Id. at 645 (empha- sis added). It would be virtually impossible for an amicus to show that it is "an impartial individual . . . whose func- tion is to advise in order that justice may be done" but not a person who is "only . . . concerned about the manner in which the court will interpret the law." In any event, whether or not the American College panel was correct in its narrow interpretation of Rule 29's "interest" require-
293 F.3d 128, *131; 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 10033, **8;
89 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 2585; 52 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 1377
Page 4
ment, the "interest" requirement weighs strongly against the appellants' argument.
The appellants suggest, however, that the very term
"amicus curiae" suggests a degree of impartiality. The ap- pellants quote the comment that "the term 'amicus curiae' means friend of the court, not friend of a party." Opp. at
3 (quoting Ryan, 125 F.3d at 1063). The implication of this statement seems to be that a strong advocate cannot truly be the court's friend. But this suggestion is contrary
**9 to the fundamental assumption of our adversary system that strong (but fair) advocacy on behalf of op- posing views promotes sound decision making. Thus, an amicus who makes a strong but responsible presentation in support of a party can truly serve as the court's friend. The argument that an amicus cannot be a person who has "a pecuniary interest in the outcome" also flies in the face of current appellate practice. A quick look at Supreme Court opinions discloses that corporations, unions, trade and professional associations, and other parties with "pe- cuniary" *132 interests appear regularly as amici.
(Some of the Supreme Court cases in which the great- est number of amici have filed illustrate this point. See, e.g., Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Haslip, 499 U.S. 1, 3, 113
L. Ed. 2d 1, 111 S. Ct. 1032 n.* (1991); Container Corp. of America v. Franchise Tax Bd., 463 U.S. 159, 161, 77
L. Ed. 2d 545, 103 S. Ct. 2933 n.* (1983).) Parties with pecuniary, as well as policy, interests also appear as amici in our court. See, e.g., South Camden Citizens in Action v. New Jersey Dep't of Envtl. Protection, 274 F.3d 771,
773 (3rd Cir. 2001). I thus reject the appellants' **10 argument that an amicus must be an impartial person not motivated by pecuniary concerns.
C. I also disagree with the appellants' argument that an amicus seeking leave to file must show that the party to be supported is either unrepresented or inadequately represented. Rule 29 does not contain any such provision, and therefore if the requirement is valid it must represent an elaboration on the requirement of "desirability" set out in Rule 29(b)(2). In my view, however, such a require- ment is most undesirable. To be sure, an amicus brief may be particularly helpful when the party supported is unrepresented or inadequately represented, but it does not follow that an amicus brief is undesirable under all other circumstances.
Even when a party is very well represented, an amicus may provide important assistance to the court. "Some am- icus briefs collect background or factual references that merit judicial notice. Some friends of the court are enti- ties with particular expertise not possessed by any party to the case. Others argue points deemed too far-reaching for emphasis by a party intent on winning a particular case. Still others explain the impact a potential holding
might have on **11 an industry or other group." Luther
T. Munford, When Does the Curiae Need An Amicus?, 1
J. App. Prac. & Process 279 (1999). Accordingly, deny- ing motions for leave to file an amicus brief whenever the party supported is adequately represented would in some instances deprive the court of valuable assistance. Moreover, requiring a prospective amicus to undertake the distasteful task of showing that the attorney for the party that the amicus wishes to support is incompetent is likely to discourage amici in instances in which the party's brief is less than ideal and an amicus submis- sion would be valuable to the court. See Robert L. Stern, Appellate Practice in the United States 306 (2d ed. 1989)
(The lawyer preparing an amicus brief "would normally be unwilling to state, except in most unusual circum- stances, that the counsel for the party being supported will do an inadequate job."). HN3 The criterion of de- sirability set out in Rule 29(b)(2) is open-ended, but a broad reading is prudent. The decision whether to grant leave to file must be made at a relatively early stage of the appeal. It is often difficult at that point to tell with any accuracy if a proposed amicus filing will **12 be helpful. Indeed, it is frequently hard to tell whether an amicus brief adds anything useful to the briefs of the par- ties without thoroughly studying those briefs and other
*133 pertinent materials, and it is often not feasible to do this in connection with the motion for leave to file. Furthermore, such a motion may be assigned to a judge or panel of judges who will not decide the merits of the appeal, and therefore the judge or judges who must rule on the motion must attempt to determine, not whether the proposed amicus brief would be helpful to them, but whether it might be helpful to others who may view the case differently. Under these circumstances, it is prefer- able to err on the side of granting leave. If an amicus brief that turns out to be unhelpful is filed, the merits panel, after studying the case, will often be able to make that determination without much trouble and can then simply disregard the amicus brief. On the other hand, if a good brief is rejected, the merits panel will be deprived of a resource that might have been of assistance.
A restrictive policy with respect to granting leave to file may also create at least the perception of viewpoint discrimination. Unless **13 a court follows a policy of either granting or denying motions for leave to file in virtually all cases, instances of seemingly disparate treat- ment are predictable. A restrictive policy may also convey an unfortunate message about the openness of the court. Those favoring the practice of restricting the filing of amicus briefs suggest that such briefs often merely dupli- cate the arguments of the parties and thus waste the court's time, and I do not doubt that some amicus briefs make little if any contribution. However, a restrictive practice
293 F.3d 128, *133; 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 10033, **13;
89 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 2585; 52 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 1377
Page 5
regarding motions for leave to file seems to be an un- promising strategy for lightening a court's work load. For one thing, the time required for skeptical scrutiny of pro- posed amicus briefs may equal, if not exceed, the time that would have been needed to study the briefs at the merits stage if leave had been granted. In addition, because pri- vate amicus briefs are not submitted in the vast majority of court of appeals cases, and because poor quality briefs are usually easy to spot, unhelpful amicus briefs surely do not claim more than a very small part of a court's time. For all these reasons, I think that our court would be well advised to grant **14 motions for leave to file amicus briefs unless it is obvious that the proposed briefs do not meet Rule 29's criteria as broadly interpreted. I believe that this is consistent with the predominant practice in the courts of appeals. See Micael E. Tigar and Jane B. Tigar, Federal Appeals -- Jurisdiction and Practice 181 (3d ed.
1999)("Even when the other side refuses to consent to an amicus filing, most courts of appeals freely grant leave to file, provided the brief is timely and well-reasoned."); Robert L. Stern, supra, at 307-08.
III.
Turning to the circumstances of the present case, I believe that the amici have stated an "interest in the case," and it appears that their brief is "relevant" and "desirable" since it alerts the merits panel to possible implications of the appeal. The appellants charge that the amici wish to inject new issues into the case, but it does not appear to me that the amici are attempting to do that. Rather, as I under- stand their position, they are primarily *134 interested in making sure that our court does not inadvertently stray into issues that need not be decided in this case. Finally, the appellants contend that the proposed amicus brief is full of "spleen" **15 and "invective," Opp. at 10, but no specifics are cited. My reading of the amicus brief did not spot any violations of our HN4 LAR 28.1(c), which requires that briefs be phrased in appropriate, professional terms, but if the merits panel views the matter differently, it can of course take appropriate action at that time.
For the reasons noted above, the motion for leave to file the brief as amici curiae over the objection of the appellants is granted.
/s/ Samuel A. Alito Jr. Circuit Judge
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