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IX.  Inherent Power

Article II of the United States Constitution provides that any citizen of appropriate birth, age

and residency may be elected to the Office of President of the United States and be vested with the

executive power of this nation.⁴⁸

The duties and powers of the Chief Executive are carefully listed, including the duty to be

Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States,⁴⁹ and the Presidential Oath of

Office is set forth in the Constitution and requires him to swear or affirm that he “will, to the best

of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”⁵⁰

The Government appears to argue here that, pursuant to the penumbra of Constitutional language in Article II, and particularly because the President is designated Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, he has been granted the inherent power to violate not only the laws of the Congress but the First and Fourth Amendments of the Constitution, itself.

We must first note that the Office of the Chief Executive has itself been created, with its powers, by the Constitution.  There are no hereditary Kings in America and no powers not created by the Constitution.  So all “inherent powers” must derive from that Constitution.

We have seen in Hamdi that the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution is fully

applicable to the Executive branch’s actions and therefore it can only follow that the First and Fourth

Amendments must be applicable as well.⁵¹  In the Youngstown case the same “inherent powers”

argument was raised and the Court noted that the President had been created Commander in Chief

⁴⁸U.S. CONST. art. II, § 5

⁴⁹U.S. CONST. art. II, § 2 1

⁵⁰U.S. CONST. art. II, § 1 8

⁵¹See generally Hamdi, 542 U.S. 507 (2004)

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of only the military, and not of all the people, even  in time of war.⁵²  Indeed, since Ex Parte Milligan,  we have been taught that the “Constitution of the United States is a law for rulers and people, equally in war and in peace. . . .”   Ex Parte Milligan, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 2, 120 (1866). Again, in Home Building & Loan Ass’n v. Blaisdell, we were taught that no emergency can create

power.⁵³

Finally, although the Defendants have suggested the unconstitutionality of FISA, it appears to this court that that question is here irrelevant.  Not only FISA, but the Constitution itself has been violated by the Executive’s TSP.  As the court states in Falvey, even where statutes are not explicit,

the requirements of the Fourth Amendment must still be met.⁵⁴  And of course, the Zweibon opinion of Judge Skelly Wright plainly states that although many cases hold that the President’s power to obtain foreign intelligence information is vast, none suggest that he is immune from Constitutional

requirements.⁵⁵

The argument that inherent powers justify the program here in litigation must fail.

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